Endoscopic treatment of acute oropharyngeal stick injuries in dogs: 46 cases (2010-2020).

OBJECTIVES: To review long-term outcomes of dogs with acute oropharyngeal stick injuries managed with rigid endoscopy at a UK referral centre. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis and follow-up with referring veterinary surgeons and owners of patients treated between 2010 and 2020. A medical record search was performed and data regarding signalment, clinical presentation, treatment and long-term outcomes were recorded. RESULTS: Sixty-six dogs with acute oropharyngeal stick injury were identified and 46 (70.0%) of these had endoscopy of the wound. The dogs were of various breeds, ages (median=3 years; range 0.6 to 11 years) and weights (median=20.4 kg; range 7.7 to 38.4 kg) and 58.7% of patients were male. The median time from injury to referral was 1 day (range 2 hours to 7 days). Patients were anaesthetised, and injury tracts were explored using 0° and 30° forward-oblique, 2.7 mm diameter, 18 cm length rigid endoscopes with a corresponding 14.5 French sheath using saline infusion via gravity. All foreign material that could be grasped was removed using forceps. Tracts were flushed with saline and reinspected to confirm removal of all visible foreign material. Out of 40 dogs with long-term follow-up, 38 (95.0%) had no major long-term complications. The remaining two dogs developed cervical abscessation after endoscopy, one of which resolved after repeat endoscopy and the other resolved after open surgery. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Long-term follow-up of dogs with acute oropharyngeal stick injury managed with rigid endoscopy showed an excellent outcome in 95.0% of cases.

Outcomes of surgical treatment with patterns of bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing in cases of cervical abscessation in dogs: 82 cases (2018-2021).

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to summarize the presentation, diagnosis, and outcome for dogs surgically treated for chronic cervical abscessation following suspected or reported cervical or oropharyngeal trauma, as well as to report on culture results and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. RESULTS: Eighty-two dogs were identified by retrospective review. Successful surgical outcome was achieved in 92.7% of dogs. Abscess recurrence was confirmed or suspected in 6/82 (7.3%) cases, and surgical intervention for abscess recurrence was performed in 4/82 (4.9%) cases. Foreign material was identified at surgery in 5/82 (6%) cases. Incisional healing complications were noted in 9/82 (10.9%) cases and required additional surgery in 5/82 (6%) cases. Twenty-three (28%) dogs had negative culture results. The results of antimicrobial sensitivity testing led to a change in antimicrobial treatment in only 9% of cases.Surgically treated cervical abscessation carries a good prognosis with a low incidence of recurrence in this cohort (in contrast to previous reports), despite low frequency of foreign body removal or identification of the underlying cause of the abscess. Excision of chronic inflammatory tissue may not be necessary for a successful outcome, contrary to previous recommendations. Multi-pathogen infections and anaerobic infections are commonly encountered.

Suspension-expansion pharyngoplasty: a modified technique for oropharyngeal collapse in obstructive sleep apnea.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Lateral pharyngeal wall (LPW) collapse plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and might determine the severity of the disease. This study presents the suspension/expansion pharyngoplasty (SEP) for the treatment of selected cases of OSA. The procedure aimed to splint LPW collapse via supporting and lateralization of both superior constrictor muscle (SCM) and palatopharyngeal muscle (PPM) individually and in two different planes. METHODS: Twenty-one adult patients with single-level OSA who showed a lateral pattern of collapse at the oropharyngeal region had the modified procedure (SEP). The basic steps are the individual dissection of the muscular components of the lateral pharyngeal wall: SCM which was sutured anteriorly to the anterior tonsillar pillar and the PPM which was suspended to the pterygomandibular raphe. The supra-tonsillar fat was preserved. RESULTS: At 9-12 months, highly significant improvement was reported as regards the mean Apnea hypopnea index and the mean lowest oxygen saturation (p < 0.000). The Epworth Sleepiness Scale and VAS-snoring showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction. The oxygen desaturation index showed significant improvement. Non-significant improvements were reported as regards the percentage of total sleep time with oxygen saturation below 90%. According to Sher criteria, successful outcomes were reported in 17 patients. CONCLUSION: SEP could widen the pharyngeal airway and could support the collapsible lateral pharyngeal wall guarding against soft tissue collapse. In selected subjects, SEP had reported subjective and objective favorable outcomes with no significant comorbidities. The procedure could be combined with other procedures in multilevel surgery.

"Pharyngolab": a new surgical simulator for pharyngoplasties.

Pharyngoplasty represents one of the most widely performed surgical procedures for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the presence of palate-oropharyngeal collapse. The learning curve for pharyngoplasties is steep and success is conditional on the correct use of the sutures and the careful application of the surgical steps in a narrow surgical field. The use of synthetic models may be conveniently and safely employed for hands-on surgical practice in pharyngoplasties, especially when fresh frozen cadaveric specimens are not available. We present the "Pharyngolab", a new simulator for pharyngoplasties.

Myomucosal island flap in the reconstruction of oral cavity defects: Description of the surgical technique.

Multiple options are available for the reconstruction of the defects of the oral cavity. Among these, the facial artery myomucosal island flap (FAMMIF) is a pedicled flap composed by cheek mucosa, submucosa, and part of the buccinator muscle. The FAMMIF is ideal for the reconstruction of small-to-moderate defects of the oral cavity and the oropharynx. This is due to low operating time, low morbidity, and good functional and aesthetic results. A step-by-step description of the flap harvesting is presented, with particular attention to flap design, identification of the vessels, harvesting of the myomucosal island, tunnel preparation for its passage in the neck and back to the oral cavity, and closure of the cheek donor site with the buccal fat pad.

Patient Selection for Surgery vs Radiotherapy for Early Stage Oropharyngeal Cancer.

Surgery and radiation therapy are both commonly used in the treatment of early stage (AJCC stages T1-T2 N0-M0) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) have been reported to result in similar survival and disease control outcomes. However, their side effect profiles widely differ. Nevertheless, patients who experience the worst side effects and quality of life are the ones who receive the combination of TORS and adjuvant radiation or chemoradiation therapy. Thus, appropriate patient selection for surgery to minimize the need for multimodality therapy is key. We propose, in this paper, the use of sentinel lymph node biopsy in the node negative (N0) neck as a means that is worth exploring for selecting patients to either radiation therapy or surgery. Patients with a positive sentinel lymph node (SLN) would be better directed to upfront radiation. On the contrary, patients with a negative SLN biopsy would be more confidently directed towards TORS and neck dissection alone.

Machine learning-based preoperative datamining can predict the therapeutic outcome of sleep surgery in OSA subjects.

Increasing recognition of anatomical obstruction has resulted in a large variety of sleep surgeries to improve anatomic collapse of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the prediction of whether sleep surgery will have successful outcome is very important. The aim of this study is to assess a machine learning-based clinical model that predict the success rate of sleep surgery in OSA subjects. The predicted success rate from machine learning and the predicted subjective surgical outcome from the physician were compared with the actual success rate in 163 male dominated-OSA subjects. Predicted success rate of sleep surgery from machine learning models based on sleep parameters and endoscopic findings of upper airway demonstrated higher accuracy than subjective predicted value of sleep surgeon. The gradient boosting model showed the best performance to predict the surgical success that is evaluated by pre- and post-operative polysomnography or home sleep apnea testing among the logistic regression and three machine learning models, and the accuracy of gradient boosting model (0.708) was significantly higher than logistic regression model (0.542). Our data demonstrate that the data mining-driven prediction such as gradient boosting exhibited higher accuracy for prediction of surgical outcome and we can provide accurate information on surgical outcomes before surgery to OSA subjects using machine learning models.

Comparison of the efficacy of supraglottic airway devices in low-risk adult patients: a network meta-analysis and systematic review.

Numerous supraglottic airway device (SADs) have been designed for adults; however, their relative efficacy, indicated by parameters such as adequacy of sealing, ease of application, and postinsertion complications, remains unclear. We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of various SADs. We searched electronic databases for randomized controlled trials comparing at least two types of SADs published before December 2019. The primary outcomes were oropharyngeal leak pressure (OLP), risk of first-attempt insertion failure, and postoperative sore throat rate (POST). We included 108 studies (n = 10,645) comparing 17 types of SAD. The Proseal laryngeal mask airway (LMA), the I-gel supraglottic airway, the Supreme LMA, the Streamlined Liner of the Pharynx Airway, the SoftSeal, the Cobra Perilaryngeal Airway, the Air-Q, the Laryngeal Tube, the Laryngeal Tube Suction II, the Laryngeal Tube Suction Disposable, AuraGain, and Protector had significantly higher OLP (mean difference ranging from 3.98 to 9.18 cmH2O) compared with that of a classic LMA (C-LMA). The Protector exhibited the highest OLP and was ranked first. All SADs had a similar likelihood of first-attempt insertion failure and POST compared with the C-LMA. Our findings indicate that the Protector may be the best SAD because it has the highest OLP.Systematic review registration PROSPERO: CRD42017065273.

Locoregional Recurrence in p16-Positive Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma After TORS.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the patterns, risk factors, and salvage outcomes for locoregional recurrences (LRR) after treatment with transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV+ OPSCC). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of HPV+ OPSCC patients completing primary TORS, neck dissection, and NCCN-guideline-compliant adjuvant therapy at a single institution from 2007 to 2017. METHODS: Features associated with LRR, detailed patterns of LRR, and outcomes of salvage therapy were analyzed. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated for subgroups of patients receiving distinct adjuvant treatments. RESULTS: Of 541 patients who completed guideline-indicated therapy, the estimated 5-year LRR rate was 4.5%. There were no identifiable clinical or pathologic features associated with LRR. Compared to patients not receiving adjuvant therapy, those who received indicated adjuvant radiation alone had a lower risk of LRR (HR 0.28, 95% CI [0.09-0.83], P = .023), but there was no difference in DFS (P = .21) and OS (P = .86) between adjuvant therapy groups. The 5-year OS for patients who developed LRR was 67.1% vs. 93.9% for those without LRR (P < .001). Patients who initially received adjuvant chemoradiation and those suffering local, in-field, and/or retropharyngeal node recurrences had decreased disease control after salvage therapy. CONCLUSION: LRR rates are low for HPV+ OPSCCs completing TORS and guideline-compliant adjuvant therapy. Patients without indication for adjuvant therapy more often suffer LRR, but these recurrences are generally controllable by salvage therapy. Improved understanding of the patterns of recurrence most amenable to salvage therapy may guide treatment decisions, counseling, and adjuvant therapy de-escalation trials. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Laryngoscope, 131:E2865-E2873, 2021.

Pre-tracheotomy for Potentially Emergent Airway Scenarios: Indications and Outcomes.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Airway access in the setting of unsuccessful ventilation and intubation typically involves emergent cricothyrotomy or tracheotomy, procedures with associated significant risk. The potential for such emergent scenarios can often be predicted based on patient and disease factors. Planned tracheotomy can be performed in these cases but is not without its own risks. We previously described a technique of pre-tracheotomy or exposing the tracheal framework without entering the trachea, as an alternative to planned tracheostomy in such cases. In this way, a tracheotomy can be easily completed if needed, or the wound can be closed if it is not needed. This procedure has since been used in an array of indications. We describe the clinical situations where pre-tracheotomy was performed as well as subsequent patient outcomes. METHODS: Retrospective series of patients undergoing a pre-tracheotomy from 2015 to 2020. Records were reviewed for patient characteristics, indication, whether the procedure was converted to tracheotomy or closed at the bedside, and any post-procedural complications. RESULTS: Pre-tracheotomy was performed in 18 patients. Indications included failed extubation after head and neck reconstruction, subglottic stenosis, laryngeal masses, laryngeal edema, thyroid masses, and an oropharyngeal bleed requiring operative intervention. Tracheotomy was avoided in 10 patients with wound closed at the bedside; procedure was converted to tracheotomy in the remaining eight. There were no complications. Indications for conversion included failed extubation, intraoperative hemorrhage, significant stridor with dyspnea, and inability to ventilate. CONCLUSION: Pre-tracheotomy offers simplified airway access and provides a valuable option in scenarios where tracheotomy may, but not necessarily, be needed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E2802-E2809, 2021.

Analysis of PET parameters as prognosticators of survival and tumor extent in Oropharyngeal Cancer treated with surgery and postoperative radiotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Positron-emission tomography (PET) is widely used to detect malignancies, but consensus on its prognostic value in oropharyngeal cancer has not been established. The purpose of this study was to analyze the PET parameters associated with tumor extent and survival in resectable oropharyngeal cancer. METHODS: The PET parameters in oropharyngeal cancer patients with regional node metastasis who underwent surgery and postoperative radiotherapy between January 2005 and January 2019 were analyzed. We calculated the SUVmax, tumor-to-liver ratio (TLR), metabolic tumor volume (MTV, volume over SUV 2.5), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG, MTV x mean SUV) of the primary lesion and metastatic nodes. Histologic findings, patient survival, and recurrence were reviewed in the medical records. RESULTS: Fifty patients were included, and the PET parameters were extracted for 50 primary lesions and 104 nodal lesions. In the survival analysis, MTV and TLG of the primary lesions showed significant differences in overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS). In the multiple regression analysis, TLG of the primary lesion was associated with the depth of invasion (DOI). MTV of the nodes was a significant factor affecting extranodal extension (ENE). CONCLUSIONS: PET parameters could be related with OS, RFS, DOI of the primary tumor, and ENE. PET would be expected to be a useful diagnostic tool as a prognosticator of survival and pathologic findings in oropharyngeal cancer.

Association of Systemic Diseases With Surgical Treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Compared With Continuous Positive Airway Pressure.

Importance: The efficacy of surgical treatments for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is variable when considering only the Apnea Hypopnea Index as the treatment end point. However, only a few studies have shown an association between these procedures and improved clinically relevant outcomes, such as cardiovascular, endocrine, and neurological sequelae of OSA. Objective: To evaluate the association of surgery for OSA with clinically relevant outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study used the Truven MarketScan Database from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2015, to identify all patients diagnosed with OSA who received a prescription of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), were 40 to 89 years of age, and had at least 3 years of data on file. Data were analyzed September 19, 2019. Interventions: Soft tissue and skeletal surgical procedures for the treatment of OSA. Main Outcomes and Measures: The occurrence of cardiovascular, neurological, and endocrine complications was compared in patients who received CPAP alone and those who received surgery. High-dimensionality propensity score matching was used to adjust the models for confounders. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with a log-rank test was used to compare differences in survival curves. Findings: A total of 54 224 patients were identified (33 405 men [61.6%]; mean [SD] age, 55.1 [9.2] years), including a cohort of 49 823 patients who received CPAP prescription alone (mean [SD] age, 55.5 [9.4] years) and 4269 patients who underwent soft tissue surgery (mean [SD] age, 50.3 [7.0] years). The median follow-up time was 4.47 (interquartile range, 3-8) years after the index CPAP prescription. In the unadjusted model, soft tissue surgery was associated with decreased cardiovascular (hazard ratio [HR], 0.92; 95% CI, 0.86-0.98), neurological (HR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.39-0.61), and endocrine (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.74-0.86) events. This finding was maintained in the adjusted model (HR for cardiovascular events, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.83-1.00]; HR for neurological events, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.51-0.89]; HR for endocrine events, 0.82 [95% CI, 0.74-0.91]). Skeletal surgery (n = 114) and concomitant skeletal and soft tissue surgery (n = 18) did not demonstrate significant differences in rates of development of systemic complications. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, soft tissue surgery for OSA was associated with lower rates of development of cardiovascular, neurological, and endocrine systemic complications compared with CPAP prescription in a large convenience sample of the working insured US adult population. These findings suggest that surgery should be part of the early treatment algorithm in patients at high risk of CPAP failure or nonadherence.

PET/CT Poorly Predicts AJCC 8th Edition Pathologic Staging in HPV-Related Oropharyngeal Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th edition introduced distinct clinical and pathological staging paradigms for human papilloma virus positive (HPV+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Treatment planning for OPSCC often utilizes positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) to assess clinical stage. We hypothesize that PET/CT will accurately predict final pathologic AJCC 8th edition staging in patients with HPV+ OPSCC. METHODS: All patients with primary HPV+ OPSCC with preoperative PET/CT who underwent transoral robotic surgery and neck dissection between 2011 and 2017 were identified. Data were collected via chart review. Two neuroradiologists performed blinded re-evaluation of all scans. Primary tumor size and cervical nodal disease characteristics were recorded and TNM staging was extrapolated. Cohen's kappa statistic was used to assess interrater reliability. Test for symmetry was performed to analyze discordance between radiologic and pathologic staging. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients met inclusion criteria. Interrater reliability was substantial between radiologists for nodal (N) and overall staging (OS) (κ = 0.715 and 0.715). Radiologist A review resulted in identical OS for 67% of patients, overstaging for 31%, and understaging for 2%. Radiologist B review resulted in 61% identical OS, 39% overstaging, and 0% understaging. In misclassified cases, the test of symmetry shows strong bias toward overstaging N stage and OS (P < .001). Radiologic interpretation of extracapsular extension showed poor interrater reliability (κ = 0.403) and poor accuracy. CONCLUSION: PET/CT predicts a higher nodal and overall stage than pathologic staging. PET/CT should not be relied upon for initial tumor staging, as increased FDG uptake is not specific for nodal metastases. PET/CT is shown to be a poor predictor of ECE. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 131:1535-1541, 2021.

The Utility of the Maxillary Heuwieser for Oropharyngeal Foreign Body Removal Under Nebulized Local Anesthesia: A Case Series.

We describe a novel and safe use of existing instrumentation in the removal of select foreign bodies in the upper aerodigestive tract to minimize health-care costs. A retrospective review of 4 cases involving visualized upper aerodigestive tract foreign bodies were identified via flexible laryngoscopy and extracted under local anesthesia from 2016 to 2018. All 4 patients were not in any airway distress and underwent successful removal of the foreign body, which included 2 fishbones, a sewing pin, and a wire bristle with a maxillary Heuwieser or giraffe instrument under flexible laryngoscopy visualizing using local anesthesia without complications. No foreign bodies were dislodged. The use of a maxillary Heuwieser and flexible laryngoscopy visualization is safe, allows for removal of otherwise difficult to reach foreign bodies at the bedside, improving patient comfort, obviates the need for general anesthesia to the patient, and minimizes health-care costs.

Implication and Management of Incidental Oropharyngeal Papillomas-A Retrospective Case Series Review.

INTRODUCTION: Incidental papillomas of the pharynx can be found while examining the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx for other disorders of the head and neck. Purpose of the study is to explore the location, biopsy protocol, and decision to perform office-based versus operative management via potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser when an oropharyngeal papilloma is discovered incidentally. METHODS: A retrospective review of the senior author's patient population was performed using Current Procedural Terminology and/or International Classification of Diseases codes to identify patients who had KTP laser removal of incidental oropharyngeal papillomas. Patients were included based on the incidental nature of the papilloma and confirmed pathology report of squamous papilloma. Demographics, presenting complaint, lesion location, pathological analysis, type of intervention, and outcomes were recorded. When available, human papillomavirus (HPV) subtype was noted. RESULTS: A total of 26 cases were identified, 13 females and 13 males. The median age at time of surgery was 58 years (range: 21-77). The most common presenting symptoms were difficulty swallowing and throat pain. The most common locations were the base of tongue, uvula, tonsils, and the soft palate. Of the 26 patients, 23 patients received KTP laser ablation therapy as an office-based procedure, while the remaining 3 were performed under general anesthesia in the operating room. Only 5 patients had a recorded recurrence that required reoperation. There were no operative or postoperative complications. There were 16 biopsy samples tested for HPV, where 12 were negative for HPV and 4 were positive for HPV. CONCLUSION: Oropharyngeal papillomas, when present, can be found incidentally during examination of the oropharynx for other symptoms. Office-based biopsy and KTP laser is a safe and efficient means of identifying and removing most oropharyngeal papillomas.

The effect of oropharyngeal aspiration before position change on reducing the incidence of ventilator- associated pneumonia.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of oropharyngeal aspiration on ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) incidence just prior to changing patient position. This randomized controlled experimental study was conducted between July 2015 and April 2019 in anesthesiology and reanimation of intensive care unit (ICU). The patients of experimental group underwent oropharyngeal aspiration under surgical aseptic conditions before each position change. Patients of the control group received oropharyngeal aspiration only as needed. The mean age of the patients was 62.87 ± 17.33 years. The mean and median duration of stay in the ICU were 27.28 ± 30.69 and 18.00 days respectively. The mean and median of duration of the mechanical ventilation support were 26.72 ± 30.65 and 18.00 (min 4; max 168) days respectively. Thirty percent of the patients were VAP. The mean duration of VAP development was 7.50 ± 5.07 days. The rate of VAP development was 11.23/1000 mechanical ventilator days. Only 8.3% of the experimental group patients developed VAP; 91.7% of the control group patients developed VAP. The VAP rate in the control group was 16.82/1000 mechanical ventilator days and the VAP rate in the experimental group was 2.41/1000 mechanical ventilator days. Most VAP agents were multidrug resistant. Distribution of isolated microorganisms was as Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Corynebacterium striatum, Staphylococcus aureus, Providencia stuartii, Serratia marcescens, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Aspergillus flavus. In our study, it was concluded that oropharyngeal aspiration performed prior to patient position change prevented the development of VAP.

Ex-Utero Intrapartum Treatment (EXIT): indications and outcome in fetal cervical and oropharyngeal masses.

BACKGROUND: The "Ex-Utero Intrapartum Treatment" (EXIT) procedure allows to ensure fetal airway before completion of delivery and umbilical cord clamping while keeping uteroplacental circulation. Airway obstruction in fetal oropharyngeal and cervical masses can be life-threatening at birth. In those situations, controlled access to fetal airway performed by a trained multidisciplinary team allows safe airway management, while feto-maternal circulation is preserved. We aim to review the indications and outcome of the EXIT procedure in a case series of fetal cervical and oropharyngeal masses. METHODS: We have carried out a retrospective review of all patients with fetal cervical and oropharyngeal masses who underwent an EXIT procedure between 2008 and 2019. Variables evaluated included indication for EXIT, ultrasound and MRI findings, the need of amnioreduction, gestational age at EXIT, birth weight, complications, operative time, survival rate, pathological findings, and postnatal evolution. Five patients are included in this series. One additional case has already been published. RESULTS: The diagnosis were cervical teratoma (n = 1), epulis (n = 1) and lymphangioma (n = 3). Polyhydramnios was present in 2 patients, requiring amnioreduction in one of them. Mean gestational age at EXIT was 36-37 weeks (range, 34-38 weeks). Median EXIT time in placental support was 9 min (range, 3-22 min). Access to airway was successfully established in EXIT in all cases. All children born by EXIT are currently healthy and without complications. CONCLUSION: The localization and characteristics of the mass, its relationship to the airway, and the presence of polyhydramnios seem to be major factors determining indications for EXIT and clinical outcome.

Reconstrucción mediante colgajos basados en el sistema de la arteria facial. Un sistema vascular para múltiples usos en cirugía reconstructiva de cabeza y cuello / Reconstruction using facial artery system-based flaps. One vascular system for multiple purposes in head and neck reconstructive surgery

INTRODUCCIÓN: El objetivo del siguiente trabajo es la revisión de las modificaciones y avances en cirugía reconstructiva de tejidos blandos de la cavidad oral basándonos exclusivamente en los principales colgajos que dependen de arterias nominadas del sistema de la arteria facial. MÉTODOS: Revisión de la literatura y la experiencia propia respecto a reconstrucciones de cavidad oral basadas en colgajos del sistema de la arteria facial. DISCUSIÓN: La reconstrucción de la cavidad oral basada en colgajos dependientes del sistema de la arteria facial ofrece resultados satisfactorios y permite realizar reconstrucciones limitadas evitando la utilización de colgajos pediculados regionales o de colgajos libres. CONCLUSIONES: El conocimiento de las opciones reconstructivas utilizando el sistema de la arteria facial en cirugía de la cavidad oral permitirá a los cirujanos de cabeza y cuello ampliar las opciones de reconstrucción, adaptar de forma efectiva las reconstrucciones a los defectos quirúrgicos, permitiendo un abordaje de alta calidad, seguro y con menor consumo de recursos

INTRODUCTION: to review the modifications and advances in reconstructive surgery of the soft tissues of the oral cavity exclusively based on flaps that depend on the facial artery system. METHODS: review of the literature regarding oral cavity reconstructions based on main facial artery system flaps. DISCUSSION: The reconstruction of the soft tissues of the oral cavity, based on facial artery system flaps, offers satisfactory results and allows limited reconstructions avoiding the use of pedicled regional flaps or free flaps. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of reconstructive options using the facial artery system in oral cavity surgery allows expanding reconstructive options for head and neck surgeons, enabling safe, high quality and effective reconstructions, with limited resources consumption

Double free flaps in oral cavity and oropharynx reconstruction: Systematic review, indications and limits.

The simultaneous use of two different free flaps, harvested from distinct donor sites, has demonstrated a reasonable degree of safety and success rates in head and neck composite defects reconstruction. Unfortunately, their relatively low frequent use, together with the lack of proper statistics on their management strategies, make their indications weak of robust conclusions to better define their role in common practice. The aim of the present study was to review the literature of the last 15 years regarding simultaneous free flap transposition, presenting advantages, disadvantages, and results of this technique, with the final purpose to propose an up-to-date panorama for the use of double free flap for complex head and neck defects reconstruction. Depending on which factors are present, surgeons may choose to select an approach that is theoretically safer, but yields less-than-ideal functional outcomes, such as local flap. Two free flaps may be necessary when the defect contains both a large, complex bony defect, large soft tissue needs, and proper surgical planning and meticulous monitoring continues to be the cornerstone of success.